Drift in the Ionosphere

Spectral properties of electrostatic drift wave turbulence in the laboratory and the ionosphere

Low-frequency electrostatic drift wave turbulence has been studied in both laboratory plasmas and in space. The present review describes a number of such laboratory experiments together with results obtained by instrumented spacecraft in the Earth’s near and distant ionospheres. The summary emphasizes readily measurable quantities, such as the turbulent power spectra for the fluctuations in pla...

The International Reference Ionosphere – Climatological Standard for the Ionosphere

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) a joint project of URSI and COSPAR is the defacto standard for a climatological specification of ionospheric parameters. IRI is based on a wide range of ground and space data and has been steadily improved since its inception in 1969 with the ever-increasing volume of ionospheric data and with better mathematical descriptions of the observed global a...

The Polar Ionosphere: Editorial

VHF coherent radar signals from the E region ionosphere and the relationship to electron drift velocity and ion acoustic velocity

[1] The Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment (STARE) coherent radar system measures the Doppler shifts caused by 1 m plasma waves in the high-latitude E region ionosphere. These Doppler velocities are here related to the electron drift velocity and ion acoustic velocity derived from measurements with the incoherent radar system European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT). The Doppler velocity is...

the u.s. policy in central asia and its impact on the colored revolutions in the region (the case study of tulip revolution in kyrgyzstan)

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